# Orthographic Lenses¶

The previous page described the PerspectiveLens class, and the various properties of a perspective lens, especially its field of view. There is another kind of lens that is frequently used in 3-D rendering, but it doesn’t have a field of view in the same sense at all. This is an orthographic lens.

In an orthographic lens, there is no perspective–parallel lines viewed by the lens don’t converge; instead, they remain absolutely parallel in the image. While a PerspectiveLens closely imitates the behavior of a real, physical camera lens, there is no real lens that does what an OrthographicLens does. An OrthographicLens, therefore, is most useful for special effects, where you want that unnatural look, or to emulate the so-called 2½-D look of several popular real-time strategy games, or strictly to render 2-d objects that shouldn’t have any perspective anyway. In fact, the default camera created for the render2d scene graph, which is used to draw all of the onscreen GUI elements in Panda, uses an OrthographicLens.

Since an orthographic lens doesn’t have a field of view angle, the lens.setFov() method does nothing. To adjust the amount that the orthographic lens sees, you must adjust its film size. And unlike a PerspectiveLens, the film size units are not arbitrary–for an OrthographicLens, the film size should be specified in spatial units, the same units you used to model your scene. For instance, the film size of the OrthographicLens in the above illustration was set with the call lens.setFilmSize(20, 15), which sets the film size to 20 feet by 15 feet–because the scene is modeled in feet, and the panda is about 12 feet tall.

Another nice property of an orthographic lens is that the near distance does not have to be greater than zero. In fact, it can be negative–you can put the near plane behind the camera plane, which means the camera will see objects behind itself. The OrthographicLens for render2d is set up with .setNearFar(-1000, 1000), so it will render any objects with a Y value between -1000 and 1000 (assuming the default Z-up coordinate system). (Of course, in render2d almost all objects have a Y value of 0, so it doesn’t matter much.)

If you like, you can change the default camera to use an orthographic lens with something like this:

lens = OrthographicLens()
lens.setFilmSize(20, 15)  # Or whatever is appropriate for your scene
base.cam.node().setLens(lens)


Note that using an orthographic lens can be nonintuitive at times–for instance, objects don’t get larger as you come closer to them, and they don’t get smaller as you get farther away–so it may be impossible to tell your camera is even moving!