Shaders

What are Shaders?

Once upon a time, each 3D video card had a fixed list of things that it could do. At first, the feature lists were short: the cards could draw polygons, do some basic texturing, a little alpha blending, and that was it. As time went on, the list of features increased and increased: offscreen buffers, multisampling, hardware transform and lighting, and so forth. Every time somebody thought of some new rendering trick they wanted to try, they had to design a new video card with the new ability. People are creative, so soon, the list of known features exceeded 350 - this is not an exaggeration, see the OpenGL extension registry! Each of these features corresponded to each of the hundreds of rendering tricks that people had thought of so far. Yet, people kept designing new video card features, because their creativity for inventing new rendering tricks had not nearly been exhausted.

Eventually, somebody realized that video cards needed to be more like computers. When you want your computer to have a new capability, you don’t design a new computer. You install a new piece of software. Adding software gives a computer new capabilities. If you could download new software to your video card, they reasoned, you wouldn’t need design a new video card every time you thought of a new rendering trick. You could upgrade the new feature right into the card, right when you needed it.

And so, shaders were invented. Shaders are software for video cards. Shaders look just like computer programs, but they’re executed by the video card, not the computer. If a video card supports shaders, it can be upgraded to support almost any desired behavior. Pretty much, the only thing that limits a shader-based video card is its speed.

Automatic use of Shaders

Panda3D supports several advanced rendering techniques such as per-pixel lighting, normal mapping, gloss mapping, glow mapping, HDR, bloom, and cartoon inking out of the box. In order to make these work, Panda is quietly uploading shaders to your video card. You don’t need to write shaders to use these features, or even know much about shaders. You just turn these features on. To learn how to turn these features on, read about these features in their own sections of the manual.

Writing your own Shaders

If what you want to do is one of the things that Panda already supports automatically, such as per-pixel lighting, normal mapping, gloss mapping, glow mapping, HDR, bloom, or cartoon inking, you don’t need to write any shaders. Just let Panda handle it.

But if you want to do anything else — for instance, if you wanted to do painterly rendering, or water reflections, or lens flare, or … well, your imagination’s the limit — in that case, you need to write your own shaders. The following sections will tell you about how to do that in Panda3D.

• Shader Basics
  • Overview of Shaders
  • GLSL Shaders
  • Cg Shaders
  • Applying the Shader
  • Fetching Data from the Panda3D Runtime
  • Supplying Data to the Shader Manually
  • Shader Render Attributes
  • Deferred Shader Compilation
• List of GLSL Shader Inputs
  • Vertex shader attributes
  • Uniform shader inputs
• List of Possible Cg Shader Inputs
  • Using Custom Shader Inputs
• Shaders and Coordinate Spaces
  • The Major Coordinate Spaces
  • Supplying Translation Matrices to a Shader
  • A note about GLSL inputs
  • Recommendation: Don’t use API View Space or API Clip Space
  • Model_of_x, View_of_x, Clip_of_x
• Known Shader Bugs and Limitations
  • Problem: No Cg Shaders on ARM Platforms
  • Problem: GLSL Versions on macOS
  • Problem: Register Allocation
  • Problem: Bad Target Languages
  • Problem: Invalid output when using ATI/AMD cards
  • Problem: Cg program too complex for driver
  • Problem: Untested/Unfinished DirectX Support
• The Shader Generator
  • Sample Programs
  • Per-Pixel Lighting
  • Hardware Skinning
  • Known Limitations
  • How the Shader Generator Works
  • Caching and the Shader Generator
  • Combining Automatic Shaders with Manual Shaders
  • Creating your own Shader Generator
• Compute Shaders
  • Introduction
  • Work groups
  • Example shader
  • Loading a compute shader
  • Dispatching a compute shader
  • Image access
  • Texture Clear
  • Memory barriers
• Cg Shader Tutorial
  • Cg Shader Tutorials
  • Pre-requisites
  • Tutorials